Andrew Huberman is an American neuroscientist and associate professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine who has. Here we show that if the activity of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is increased by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, their axons regenerate. InsideTracker x Andrew Huberman InsideTracker is your personal health analysis and data-driven wellness guide, designed to help you live healthier longer. 2.9m Followers, 1,427 Following, 955 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Andrew Huberman, Ph.D. (@hubermanlab) The Down Syndrome Critical Region Regulates Retinogeniculate Refinement. Studies in mouse models of DS suggest that cognitive deficits in the adult are associated with deficits in synaptic learning and memory mechanisms, but it is unclear whether alterations in the early wiring and refinement of neuronal circuits contribute to these deficits. B., Cepko, C. L. Wiring visual circuits, one eye at a time, Visual Cognition: Rats Compare Shapes Among the Crowd. Indeed, one could argue that more information is now available about the mouse visual system than any other sensory system, in any species, including humans. Andrew got a McKnight Foundation Neuroscience Scholar Award in 2013 and a Biomedical Scholar Award. Andrew Hubermanis a Stanford neurobiologist and ophthalmologist keenly interested in the biology of stress and ways to manage stress. The type and timing of cellular changes leading to RGC loss in glaucoma remain incompletely understood, including whether specific RGC subtypes are preferentially impacted at early stages of this disease. All rights reserved. Chemogenetic activation of vLGNGABA neurons reduces freezing, whereas inactivation dramatically extends the duration of freezing to visual threats. Andrew D. Huberman is an American neuroscientist, educator, and media superstar. Understanding the biological underpinnings of the human threat response has been hindered by lack of realistic in-lab threat paradigms. Sight restored by turning back the epigenetic clock. Next, we show that macaque RGCs express Satb2 most likely in a single type. A., Stafford, B. K., Nguyen, P. L., Yoshihara, Y., Huberman, A. D. Functional Assembly of Accessory Optic System Circuitry Critical for Compensatory Eye Movements. Here, we show that early developmental refinement of visual circuits is perturbed in mouse models of Down syndrome. Andrew was born and raised in Palo Alto, California, USA. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0328-06.2006, View details for Web of Science ID 000237450300021. Early-born, early-arriving RGC axons initially innervate multiple targets. B., Ullian, E. M., Baccus, S. A., Barres, B. The output of that circuit is conveyed to the brain's master circadian clock. In addition, his work in the Huberman Lab at Stanford has been featured on the pages of Science, Discover, Scientific American, Time, and the New York Times, not to mention countless peer-reviewed journals. Andrew Huberman currently lives in Oakland, CA; in the past Andrew has also lived in Palo Alto CA, San Diego CA and Davis CA. The Huberman Lab Podcast discusses neuroscience: how our brain and its connections with the organs of our body controls our perceptions, our. We therefore used multisite extracellular recordings to define the repertoire of visual features represented in the LGN of mouse, an emerging model for visual processing. Of late, in 2021 he delivered a report on Unique results of the ventral parallel geniculate core intercedes outwardly evoked guarded practices. About. Spontaneous retinal activity is necessary to establish and maintain eye-specific projections to the LGN, but whether the spatial and temporal structure of this activity is important remains unclear. Nevertheless, the release-deficient axons consolidated and maintained their normal amount of dLGN territory, even in the face of fully active competing axons. Join Levels. Dr. Huberman wakes between 5.30 and 6.30 am each morning. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.064. Here we blocked spontaneous retinal activity during the very early stages of ODC development. View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125533, View details for Web of Science ID 000257992200020, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2655105. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mouse visual system at the anatomical, receptive field and perceptual level, focusing on the opportunities and constraints those features provide toward the goal of understanding how vision works. Here, we review research on regeneration and repair of the optic system. In 2018, Andrew alongside his group distributed a report on the revelation of two new mammalian cerebrum circuits: one that advances dread and loss of motion, and another that advances bold/angry response to outwardly evoked dangers. In 2004, he completed his Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of California, Davis. Spontaneous neural activity is necessary for the development of various receptive field properties and visual feature maps. As such, the mouse visual system has become a platform for multilevel analysis of the mammalian central nervous system generally. Your IP: Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. As a consequence, some visual features are sampled far more densely at certain retinal locations than others. This week's conversation is with Dr. Andrew Huberman, a neuroscientist and tenured Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Here, we compare two genetically identified populations of On-Off DSGCs: dopamine receptor 4 (DRD4)-DSGCs and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR)-DSGCs. Check it immediately on Hulu, Dr. Andrew Huberman on Virtual Reality Research, Scientists find fear, courage switches in brain, The fearful eye: Using virtual reality to hack fright, Regenerating optic pathways from the eye to the brain, This Neurobiologist Swims With Great White Sharks to Study Fear, See How They See: Researchers restore vision in mice for the first time, Regrown Brain Cells Give Blind Mice a New View, In a Scientific First, Blind Mice Regain Eyesight, Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life*. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In this issue of Neuron, Rompani etal. Osterhout, J. They respond strongly to an object moving in a preferred direction and weakly to an object moving in the opposite, "null," direction. Our findings indicate that On-Off direction-selective retinal neurons may have evolutionarily diverged in primates and more generally provide novel insight into the identity and organization of primate parallel visual pathways. We found that OFF-RGCs form synapses across the full depth of the retinorecipient SC before undergoing lamina-specific arbor retraction and synapse elimination to arrive at their mature, restricted pattern of connectivity. Todays main course warm-up comes courtesy of my friend Utkarsh Ambudkar, the linguistically dexterous musician, actor and rapper longtime listeners will recall fromRRP #373. Blank, M., Fuerst, P. G., Stevens, B., Nouri, N., Kirkby, L., Warrier, D., Barres, B. In mice, we identify the transcription factor Satb2 (Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2) as a selective marker for three RGC types: On-Off DSGCs encoding motion in either the anterior or posterior direction, a newly identified type of Off-DSGC and an Off-sustained RGC type. Here we report a new transgenic mouse line, Hoxd10-GFP, in which the RGCs projecting to all the AOS nuclei are fluorescently labeled. Instead, the eye-specific territories of afferent input emerged as variable and disorganized patches with no corresponding interlaminar spaces in the LGN. On-Off pDSGCs project exclusively to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus and in both targets form synaptic lamina that are separate from a lamina corresponding to non-DSGCs. Subjects with high anxiety showed increased visual scanning in response to threats as compared to healthy controls. Lim, J. Given the crucial role of RGCs and the prominence of the mouse as a model, we asked how different RGC subtypes are distributed across the retina. The primary endpoints are improvement in mood and anxiety as well as reduced physiological arousal (respiratory rate, heart rate, and heart rate variability). View details for DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a001743, View details for Web of Science ID 000279881700009, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2829955. Rivlin-Etzion, M., Zhou, K., Wei, W., Elstrott, J., Nguyen, P. L., Barres, B. Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder caused by a third chromosome 21 in humans (Trisomy 21), leading to neurological deficits and cognitive impairment. Huberman, A. D., Feller, M. B., Chapman, B. Adjustments in neural activity can drive cortical plasticity, but the underlying circuit components remain unclear. Even though he uses many technical terms, he always brings it back around so that you can apply the scientific principles to your own life! Moreover, the pattern of variation was distinct for each RGC subtype. Also, we have no information about his son and daughter. Dr. Andrew Huberman on How the Brain Makes Sense of Stress, Fear, and Courage. Early and rapid targeting of eye-specific axonal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the fetal macaque. He . Our understanding of how mammalian sensory circuits are organized and develop has long been hindered by the lack of genetic markers of neurons with discrete functions. Fathers name is Not Available. Huberman, A. D., Clandinin, T. R., Baier, H. MILESTONES AND MECHANISMS FOR GENERATING SPECIFIC SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE EYES AND THE BRAIN, Genetic Identification of an On-Off Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cell Subtype Reveals a Layer-Specific Subcortical Map of Posterior Motion. We also show that if enhancement of neural activity is combined with elevation of the cell-growth-promoting pathway involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), RGC axons regenerate long distances and re-innervate the brain. Moreover, these regenerated connections were successful in partially rescuing a subset of visual behaviors. The effects of EphA overexpression were competition-dependent and restricted to the early postnatal period. International Graduate Student Programming Board, About the Equity and Inclusion Initiatives, Stanford Summer Engineering Academy (SSEA), Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF), Stanford Exposure to Research and Graduate Education (SERGE), Stanford Engineering Research Introductions (SERIS), Graduate school frequently asked questions, Summer Opportunities in Engineering Research and Leadership (Summer First), Stanford Engineering Reunion Weekend 2022, Stanford Data Science & Computation Complex. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that connect the eyes to the brain, fail to regenerate after damage, eventually leading to blindness. The Your Inception Team, its employees, guests, and affiliates assume no liability for the application of the information discussed. In contrast, the On-Off DSGCs labeled in Hoxd10-GFP mice projected to AOS nuclei controlling horizontal but not vertical image stabilization. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.051. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.018, View details for Web of Science ID 000258565500011. How to Survive a Pandemic: Michael Greger, MD, https://media.blubrry.com/rrp/p/open.acast.com/public/streams/5de6c1c9bd860fd53f965e25/episodes/5f14f5e60ea06c3836554ed1.mp3, I love this film. 00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke . Close. The Xi projects to the basolateral amygdala to promote saliency-reducing responses to threats, such as freezing, whereas the Re projects to the medial prefrontal cortex (RemPFC) to promote saliency-enhancing, even confrontational responses to threats, such as tail rattling. The Appetizer: People seemed to enjoy my previous brief check-in segments with Mishka Shubaly and Nadia Bolz-Weber so I thought Id do it again. Visual impairment caused by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon damage or degeneration affects millions of individuals throughout the world. The year has unleashed stresses few would have imagined just months ago, but the science of stress and of stress relief is keeping pace. This is the lifes work of todays guest, Andrew Huberman, Ph.D. A neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, Andrew specializes in neuroplasticitythe brains ability to reorganize and repair itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. One thing that has a stronghold on his attention is the human visual system and how it reacts or adapts to virtual reality. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.045, View details for Web of Science ID 000331718900010. A Stanford neurobiologist explains. Historically, most vision studies were carried out on humans, macaques and cats. Overexpression of EphAs in ferret RGCs using in vivo electroporation induced axons from both eyes to misproject within the LGN. Premium. What can mice tell us about how vision works? His lab focuses on neural regeneration, neuroplasticity, and brain states such as stress, focus, fear, and optimal performance. Cheng, T., Liu, X., Faulkner, R. L., Stephan, A. H., Barres, B. A major goal now is to determine how these molecules cooperate with spontaneous and visually evoked activity to give rise to the circuits underlying precise receptive field tuning and orderly visual maps. Rapid alternations between exploration and defensive reactions require ongoing risk assessment. When the head rotates, the image of the visual world slips across the retina. The recent advent of genetic tools to selectively label and manipulate defined groups of RGCs is starting to provide a way to resolve these and other important questions about RGC wiring specificity. In rabbits, we find that expression of Satb2 is conserved in On-Off DSGCs; however, has evolved to include On-Off DSGCs encoding upward and downward motion, in addition to anterior and posterior motion. Our most immediate reaction to stress, he notes, is for our pupils to dilate, which changes how we see the world literally in a way that allows us to better respond to threats. Our findings indicate that combining neural activity with activation of mTOR can serve as powerful tool for enhancing axon regeneration, and they highlight the remarkable capacity of CNS neurons to re-establish accurate circuit connections in adulthood. The use of neurotropic viruses as transsynaptic tracers was first described in the 1960s, but only recently have such viruses gained popularity as a method for labeling neural circuits. Huberman, A. D., Murray, K. D., Warland, D. K., Feldheim, D. A., Chapman, B. In both healthy and anxious subjects, the amount of scanning behavior correlated with the magnitude of physiological arousal, suggesting that visual scanning behavior is directly linked to internal state. . We targeted and filled individual fluorescently tagged RGC subtypes from across the retinal surface and evaluated the dendritic arbor extent and soma size of each cell according to its specific retinotopic position. Despite this difference, in both circuits, the proportion of inputs from each BC type, i.e., synaptic convergence between specific BCs and RGCs, remained constant across varying dendritic territory sizes. Huberman, A. D., Dehay, C., Berland, M., Chalupa, L. M., Kennedy, H. Decoupling eye-specific segregation from lamination in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Listen and subscribe to the podcast here. We show that in macaque monkeys the retinal ganglion cells that express this marker comprise a single type and are morphologically distinct from mouse and rabbit direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. Here we show that projections from the mouse visual cortex to the accessory optic system promote the adaptive plasticity of the OKR. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a neuroscientist at Stanford University as well as the person behind the Huberman Lab. View details for DOI 10.1016/S0070-2153(10)93008-1, View details for Web of Science ID 000283820000008. The visually inclined can watch it all go down on YouTube. United States, Your source for the latest from the School of Engineering. [00:02:24] Twenty twenty has been a lot, to say the least. A., Stafford, B. K., Nguyen, P. L., Lien, B. V., Wang, C., Zukor, K., He, Z., Huberman, A. D. Life goes by: a visual circuit signals perceptual-motor mismatch, Cell type-specific manipulation with GFP-dependent Cre recombinase. Activation of the RemPFC pathway also increases autonomic arousal in a manner that is rewarding. Using plasmid electroporation and AAV viral vectors, we delivered CRE-DOG to multiple GFP mouse lines, which led to effective recombination selectively in GFP-labeled cells. in the current issue of Neuron shows that when the frequency of spontaneous retinal waves is increased and waves abnormally persist past eye opening, eye-specific projections to the LGN desegregate. The eye-to-brain, or 'retinofugal' pathway remains a particularly important model in these contexts because it is essential for sight, its overt anatomical features relate to distinct functional attributes and those features develop in a tractable sequence. Here we show that in the absence of contactin 4 (CNTN4) or one of its binding partners, amyloid precursor protein (APP), a subset of direction-selective RGCs fail to target the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)--the accessory optic system (AOS) target controlling horizontal image stabilization. 4,434 talking about this. View details for Web of Science ID 000179031600032, Associate Professor (By courtesy), Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cogan Award for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, ARVO (2017), Pew Biomedical Scholar, Pew Charitable Trusts (2013-2017), McKnight Scholar, McKnight Endowment Fund (2013-2016), Catalyst for a Cure Investigator, Glaucoma Research Foundation (2012- present), Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellow, HHWF Foundation (2006-2009), PhD, University of California, Davis, Neuroscience (2004), MA, University of California, Berkeley, Neurobiology and Behavior (2000). Skip to the content. Koch, S. M., Dela Cruz, C. G., Hnasko, T. S., Edwards, R. H., Huberman, A. D., Ullian, E. M. Transgenic Mice Reveal Unexpected Diversity of On-Off Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cell Subtypes and Brain Structures Involved in Motion Processing. The use of sensory information to drive specific behaviors relies on circuits spanning long distances that wire up through a range of axon-target recognition events. For a complete list of all RRP sponsors, vanity URLs & discount codes,visit my Resources. They are the "control panel" for the rest of it. The axons of tOFF-alphaRGC are also organized into columns in the SC. And grateful for the practical tools graciously shared today. In addition to center-surround cells, we discovered a substantial population with more selective coding properties, including direction and orientation selectivity, as well as neurons that signal absence of contrast in a visual scene. All rights reserved. Cruz-Martin, A., El-Danaf, R. N., Osakada, F., Sriram, B., Dhande, O. S., Nguyen, P. L., Callaway, E. M., Ghosh, A., Huberman, A. D. Visual Circuits: Mouse Retina No Longer a Level Playing Field, Retinal ganglion cell maps in the brain: implications for visual processing, Genetic Dissection of Retinal Inputs to Brainstem Nuclei Controlling Image Stabilization. But we are sure that it is not available and his spouses name is not available. A tremendous amount of research has focused on understanding the neural circuits for vision and the developmental mechanisms that establish them. Tang, J. C., Rudolph, S., Dhande, O. S., Abraira, V. E., Choi, S., Lapan, S. W., Drew, I. R., Drokhlyansky, E., Huberman, A. D., Regehr, W. G., Cepko, C. L. When Visual Circuits Collide: Motion Processing in the Brain. Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Drive Neuronal Death after Retinal Injury. After recovery, both anatomy and physiology revealed strictly nonoverlapping territories of input from the two eyes. In this issue of Cell, Mauss et al. We discuss the inner workings of our nervous systems and how we can use our physical bodiesour diaphragms and visual systemsto access and optimize certain states of mind. This enabled us to relate the mosaic spacing, dendritic anatomy, and electrophysiology of these RGCs to their complete map of projections in the brain. These findings should therefore have a significant impact on our understanding of the computations performed in mouse visual cortex. Signal Integration in Thalamus: Labeled Lines Go Cross-Eyed and Blurry. Hoxd10-GFP RGCs also include one subtype of On-Off DSGCs tuned for forward motion. Although many outstanding questions remain, the mechanisms that instruct eye-specific circuit development are becoming clear. Additionally, the regenerative capacity of many RGC subtypes remains unknown in part due to a lack of available genetic tools. Finding Mastery 237 August 12, 2020. The mothers name is Not Available. Moreover, recent studies concluded that early eye removals do not impact ODC segregation. How well does your BRAIN function? The incidence of such waves decreased rapidly and progressively during the developmental period (E67-E76) when segregated eye-specific projections become established. Thus, achieving a detailed understanding of mouse visual circuit architecture is of paramount importance. To determine whether there is a critical period for development of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we prevented the normal segregation of retinogeniculate afferents and then allowed an extended period of time for recovery. RGC axons of the eye-reflex pathway avoided vacated PLR targets. Although Dscam is not the sole gene in the DSCR contributing to enhanced refinement in trisomy, Dscam dosage clearly regulates cell spacing and dendritic fasciculation in a specific class of retinal ganglion cells. Current efforts focus on integrating knowledge gained from three cross-fostering fields of research: (1) understanding how the fates of different cell types are specified during development, (2) revealing the synaptic connections between identified cell types ("connectomics") by high-resolution three-dimensional circuit anatomy, and (3) causal testing of how identified circuit elements contribute to visual perception and behavior. (2018) use whole-brain functional ultrasound imaging in mice to unveil the circuits involved reflexive eye movements. By comparing specific On-type, On-Off-type and Off-type RGCs, we found that RGCs that target the majority of their dendritic arbors to the scleral half or "Off" sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) undergo the greatest changes, whereas RGCs with the majority of their dendrites in the On sublamina did not alter their structure at this time point. The ability to detect moving objects is an ethologically salient function. Finally, we demonstrate that the death of RGCs depends on a combination of both an injury to the neurons and the presence of reactive astrocytes, suggesting a model that may explain why reactive astrocytes are toxic only in some circumstances. Sensory processing can be tuned by a neuron's integration area, the types of inputs, and the proportion and number of connections with those inputs. Here, we report a transgenic mouse selectively expressing GFP in a complete mosaic of transient OFF-alpha retinal ganglion cells (tOFF-alphaRGCs). Here, we show that the murine transmembrane semaphorin 6A (Sema6A) is expressed in a subset of On direction-selective ganglion cells (On DSGCs) and is required for retinorecipient axonal targeting to the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the AOS. Dr. Andrew Huberman on the science of positive thinking, of gratitude and abundance; and their impact on our physical and mental health. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.006, View details for Web of Science ID 000237176700002, View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4456-05.2006, View details for Web of Science ID 000234896200002. And the most unlikely path he blazed to becoming the celebrated scientist he is today. This is the life's work of today's guest, Andrew Huberman, Ph.D. A neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, Andrew specializes in neuroplasticity--the brain's ability to reorganize and repair itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Eye-specific visual connections are a prominent model system for exploring how precise circuits develop in the CNS and, in particular, for addressing the role of neural activity in synapse elimination and axon refinement. View details for Web of Science ID 000360292600024. Newsletter. Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a professor of neuroscience and the creator of the Huberman Podcast. View details for DOI 10.1101/gad.248245.114, View details for Web of Science ID 000345812000001, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4248288. Andrew teaches us that to shift the way that you function, changing your behavior is the first step. A. These data begin to clarify the cell types and circuits underlying image stabilization during self-motion, and they support an unexpected diversity of DSGC subtypes. Plexin A2 and A4, twoSema6A binding partners, are expressed in MTN cells, attract Sema6A(+) On DSGC axons, and mediate MTN targeting of Sema6A(+) RGC projections. Seabrook, T. A., Dhande, O. S., Ishiko, N. n., Wooley, V. P., Nguyen, P. L., Huberman, A. D. Cortico-fugal output from visual cortex promotes plasticity of innate motor behaviour. Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from three subjects suggested that high-frequency gamma activity in the insula positively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats and that low-frequency theta activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) negatively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats. Indeed, while much is now known about how RGC axons pathfind at the optic chiasm and form retinotopic maps within their targets, how RGCs select their overall targets in the first place is poorly understood. He currently practices at Andres Huberman MD-Psychiatric Services, Great Neck,NY and is affiliated with North Shore University Hospital. Furthermore, CRE-DOG enabled optogenetic control of these neurons. All of the Cdh6-expressing retinorecipient nuclei mediate non-image-forming visual functions. All rights reserved. Using such lines for functional studies requires a method that transforms GFP into a molecule that enables genetic manipulation. Huberman, A. D., Manu, M., Koch, S. M., Susman, M. W., Lutz, A. Clusters of ON-center and OFF-center LGN cells were segregated from one another as in normal animals. First and foremost, this is a conversation about what it really takes to shift our thought patterns. Functional restoration of sight in certain forms of blindness is likely to occur in human patients in the near future. As a kid, he went to Henry M. Gunn High School for graduation and moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara for a four-year certification and the University of California, Berkeley for a graduate degree. To address this issue, we recorded from isolated retinas using multielectrode arrays at six fetal ages: embryonic day 51 (E51), E55, E60, E67, E71, and E76. These findings support a model in which unwanted synapses are tagged by complement for elimination and suggest that complement-mediated synapse elimination may become aberrantly reactivated in neurodegenerative disease. Second, whereas both populations project similarly to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, they project differently to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. Here we review the mouse visual system structure, function, and development literature and comment on the similarities and differences between the visual system of this and other model species. He is predominately known for his caring works in the field of mental health, cerebrum versatility, and neural recovery. Balban, M. Y., Neri, E., Kogon, M. M., Weed, L., Nouriani, B., Jo, B., Holl, G., Zeitzer, J. M., Spiegel, D., Huberman, A. D. Corrigendum to "Characterization of non-alpha retinal ganglion cell injury responses reveals a possible block to restoring ipRGC function".