The behaviors that have commonly been criminalized are behaviors that would amount to school code-of-conduct violations. School connectedness, a term coined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Division of Adolescent and School Health, explains the feeling and belief that the adults within the school environment care about students learning as well as their physical, social, and emotional safety. An individual is considered to have a "disability" if he or she has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment. And even then, they should have the police look at the phone on their behalf. When companies tell consumers they will safeguard their personal information, the FTC can and does take law enforcement action to make sure that companies live up these promises. Below is an overview of legal issues and laws pertaining to school safety that parents, guardians, and educators should be aware of. Such defenses include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: Laches. Funds would instead be diverted from law enforcement responses to issues that are better handled by trained mental and behavioral specialists, social workers, and counselors in community-based solutions that would leave law enforcement officers to handle the enforcement of criminal laws. State laws also may impose penalties on any person who knowingly makes a false report of abuse or neglect. In schools that employ harsh and punitive disciplinary measures, school connectedness is lower. mmEgCd&pAWycPF3tFi:'P[k$FX?9R'{S'u)-F5)fJ)ENBW_Lo Inappropriate: A lack of homework results in the student failing the class. and 29 U.S.C. If youre going to have an account where you communicate with students, do it separately from your personal account, he said. What remedies are available under this law? This flyer does not establish legally enforceable rights or responsibilities beyond what is required by the terms of the applicable statutes, regulations, or binding judicial precedent. The unintended economic consequences of Prohibition didn't stop there. , you could also see sensitive content due to the prevalence of sexting, causing a major rift with students and parents while creating a larger legal issue. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. This post from the University of Chicago Law School's International Human Rights Clinic summarizes timely and important research by the Clinic about police use of force policies.You can read the Clinic's full report here.. School policies and procedures codify these expectations, so everyone is on the same page. The Texas Education Code includes all laws and rules passed by the state legislature. If you would like to file a complaint alleging a violation of the criminal laws discussed above, you may contact the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is responsible for investigating allegations of criminal deprivations of civil rights. 393 U.S. 503 upholding the right of students to wear black armbands in school in protest of the Vietnam War). Even so, while students are afforded First Amendment freedoms, their rights may be restricted. Cleanup enforcement gets property cleaned up by: The law generally requires owners and occupiers of land to exercise a "reasonable amount of care" in providing a safe environment on their premises. | Last updated March 16, 2018. Contact us. Basic human rights have been increasingly used to politicize and polarize people for generations. 28). A teacher, for example, was sued for intentional infliction of emotional distress on a child for setting up a standing desk for a student who kept sleeping in class. It applies to most educational institutions that are supported in whole or part by state tax funds. They bear personal liability if they fail to act within the scope of their duties or fail to act reasonably. These laws cover the actions of State, county, and local officers, including those who work in prisons and jails. Child Welfare Information Gateway is a service of the, To access the statutes for a specific State or territory, visit the. Abstract. First Amendment Concerns. There is no requirement that you exhaust your administrative remedies by filing a complaint with DOJ first. The types of law enforcement misconduct covered by these laws include excessive force, sexual assault, intentional false arrests, theft, or the intentional fabrication of evidence resulting in a loss of liberty to another. Attendance policy. When the Student Harassment Prevention Act of 2009 was passed, there were deadlines set within the law that many school boards failed to meet. However, students with IEPs or 504 plans have extra protections. There are a growing number of lawsuits arising out of some school's failure to keep students safe while on school property. Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. While he joked that everyone knows . Students who are psychologically, emotionally, socially, behaviorally and academically damaged due to noncompliance in the completion of their IEP, placement, or lack of proper implementation and . There is no private right of action under these statutes; in other words, these are not the legal provisions under which you would file a lawsuit on your own. Id never tell you in a million years not to hug a kid, Schwartz said. Truancy Law Enforcement. Restorative solutions seek to repair past harms and prevent future harms by changing the source behaviors that lead to referrals, suspension, and law enforcement involvement for nonviolent, social, psychological, and emotional issues. An association has the duty to enforce the restrictions set forth in its CC&Rs. ET, Provided by Carolina Biological Supply Company, Slipping through the cracks: Differing federal policies keep homeless students from getting help, Principal, teacher turnover exceeds pre-pandemic levels, Maine Title I funds in jeopardy over assessment data, AASA 2023: How 3 districts are working to transform teaching and learning, Efforts grow to support pathways for teachers and ed leaders of color, Tackling teacher and staff shortages in K-12. Failure to Uphold Policies As Evidence of Discrimination. Contact a qualified education attorney to help you navigate education rights and laws. (18 U.S.C. We also recommend the following Information Gateway publications: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Philosophy and Key Elements of Family-Centered Practice, Family-Centered Practice Across the Service Continuum, Creating a Family-Centered Agency Culture, Risk Factors That Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect, People Who Engage in Child Abuse or Neglect, Overview: Preventing Child Abuse & Neglect, Public Awareness & Creating Supportive Communities, Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Programs, Developing & Sustaining Prevention Programs, Evidence-Based Practice for Child Abuse Prevention, Introduction to Responding to Child Abuse & Neglect, Differential Response in Child Protective Services, Responding to Child Maltreatment Near Fatalities and Fatalities, Trauma-Informed Practice in Child Welfare, Collaborative Responses to Child Abuse & Neglect, Supporting Families With Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders, Introduction to Family Support and Preservation, In-Home Services Involved With Child Protection, Resources for Managers of Family Support and Preservation Services, Transition to Adulthood and Independent Living, Overview: Achieving & Maintaining Permanency, Recruiting and Retaining Resource Families, Permanency for Specific Youth Populations, Working With Children, Youth, and Families in Permanency Planning, Working With Children, Youth, and Families After Permanency, Resources for Administrators and Managers About Permanency, Children's Bureau Adoption Call to Action, Adoption and Guardianship Assistance by State, For Adoption Program Managers & Administrators, For Expectant Parents Considering Adoption and Birth Parents, Administering & Managing Child Welfare Agencies & Programs, Evaluating Program and Practice Effectiveness, ndice de Ttulos en Espaol (Spanish Title Index), National Foster Care & Adoption Directory, Child Welfare Information Gateway Podcast Series, What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? The sheer recognition of the mattering of Black lives and the visceral response some have to the statement that Black Lives Matter are evidence that a statement can speak so loudly that it drowns out the idea that the heart of the matter is that we all deserve compassion, equality, and more than just lip service to truly dismantle a system of murder and oppression which has been alive and thriving for centuries. In schools where students are aware of police presence and know that law enforcement could likely be called as the result of a school conduct violation, and the consequences may stem from contact with law enforcement (SROs), a fear and feelings of being unsafe are more prevalent, especially among Black students and other students of color. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. While the National Association of School Resource Officers offers training courses on adolescent mental health, crime prevention, and basic SRO strategies, there is no requirement for SROs to join or participate in the association or the training offered. Now, for the first time since the law went into effect in 1990, institutions are finally facing consequences for compliance violations. SROs are not a substitute for strong classroom management by teachers with appropriate administrative support systems. SINI designation means that the school will receive extra help to improve its standing. When breaking up fights, use no more force than necessary to separate students, and break contact as soon as the students are separated. It is a crime for one or more persons acting under color of law willfully to deprive or conspire to deprive another person of any right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. 2 0 obj Schools can help minimize potential violations by enforcing codes of conduct that typically address various types of behavior. 08eSUY|)RfM[nT@rVjneGVo 9z (:d?'bO a9B-jo(AO;w! WZKYNbK|f[$k~:gAx|A ? Jonathan Santiago, Nel Sothy and Mihran Mosko sued the Lowell Police Department (LPD), Detective Thomas Lafferty and the City of Lowell, Massachusetts, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. The vast majority of the law enforcement officers in this country perform their very difficult jobs with respect for their communities and in compliance with the law. Administrators only have the right to look at the cell phone if they have reason to believe something on that phone violates school policy such as evidence of a drug sell, academic cheating, or so on. assigning the student a failing grade for the class. The federal government derives its authority for isolation and quarantine from the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. 12601). Sep 24, 2019. By tolerating or accepting certain violations of the covenant, the HOA may indicate that it does not intend to enforce that covenant. The presence of police in schools has not resulted in fewer instances of violence. Here's one response from A Practical Guide to Connecticut School Law by Thomas B. Mooney (2012, 7th Edition).In Chapter 1 on Board Organization, Authority, and Responsibilities, section (b) Development of . In addition, more than one office may investigate the same complaint if the allegations raise issues covered by more than one statute. Whether decisions are made quickly or with time to process, understanding how school law should guide your decision making will protect you and your campus from any legal issues. a monetary fine paid to the U.S. Treasury, and / or. This movement to disband, defund, and disconnect from law enforcement in schools leaves cause for concern from those who feel that schools are safer. The anecdote serves as a reminder that educators tend to be held to a higher standard in their communities. %PDF-1.5 The Enforcement Division initiates civil penalty actions under the statutory authority cited in 14 C.F.R. Please try again. The public outcry that has called for a movement toward abolition of the police state is quite nuanced and layered. See FindLaw's Student Conduct and Discipline for more information. The DOJ must be able to show in court that the agency has an unlawful policy or that the incidents constituted a pattern of unlawful conduct. There are no consequences to schools that fail to make AYP for one year. 5. If you believe that you have been subjected by a Federal law enforcement officer to the type of misconduct discussed above concerning "Federal Civil Enforcement," visit civilrights.justice.gov. In some circumstances, a school's duty of care will extend beyond school hours and outside of school grounds. In the wake of protests of police brutality and the killing of unarmed Black Americans Eric Garner, George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Tamir Rice, and tragically too many others to count, there has been public outcry to defund the police, and many question the necessity of police presence in schools as this debate has become a forefront discussion. (Tinker vs. Des Moines School Dist. Legal consequences for failing to enforce these policies. School officials, such as school truancy officers, teachers, and school principals, refer truancy cases to juvenile court jurisdiction. One of Texas oldest elementary schools has a cemetery on campus. ?xV"RQ4|xJ\^K)bvL5!ok0eBo4Qv(@w?:Mi3dX@ad/^stCe9lgb}G XB,*=A$V4[_0D8qSj+'u0 o>c!b3W |GI;Be&A.-RHtkC 3 .dD-{(-., When everyone knows and follows the rules, everyone benefits from a safer workplace. Documentation includes the complaint, any witnesses . If youre going to have a student in your vehicle, he said, make sure someone else is present or that someone else is on a phone call with you so youre protected from any sort of potential accusations. These laws prohibit both individual instances and patterns or practices of discriminatory misconduct,i.e., treating a person differently because of race, color, national origin, sex, or religion. Such action may include: requiring the student to redo the assignment for a reduced grade. The Supreme Court limited the ability to enforce Miranda rights in a ruling Thursday that said that suspects who are not warned about their right to remain silent cannot sue a police officer for . Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution requires the President to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.". The inherent liability issues for IEP non-compliance have resulted in numerous lawsuits for Districts for not serving its most vulnerable students. Lessons In Leadership: Cultivating Community Amid Division, The Literacy Embedded in Elementary Science, How K-12 schools can minimize the effects of resource gaps in underserved schools, Alabamas approach for continuous improvement, About 1 in 4 teachers changed curriculum, instruction due to recent legal restrictions, Demystifying accreditation and accountability. In Rochester, New York, the city council cut the police department budget by $3 million, and the entire SRO staff was laid off in response to rallying cries for safer schools. 18 U.S.C. In addition, several laws also apply to Federal law enforcement officers. DOJ generally will inform the victim of the results of the investigation, but we do not act as the victim's lawyer and cannot give legal advice as a private attorney could. The upward trend of suspensions and criminalization of students in Denver has not been attributed to an upward trend in criminal behavior in schools. The harmful practice of increased policing in schools exposes school districts to serious legal consequences. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Most recipients of public school education and educators in countless counties and school districts across the nation probably could not remember a time where law enforcement has not had a presence in public schools. Criminal and civil laws are different. These activities include, among others, interrogating witnesses, providing emergency services, enforcing laws, addressing citizen complaints, and arresting, booking, and holding suspects. Within a class, the instructor determines what action is appropriate to take. 393 U.S. 503 upholding the right of students to wear black armbands in school in protest of the Vietnam War). While every attempt has been made to be as complete as possible, additional information on these topics may be in other sections of a State's code as well as agency regulations, case law, and informal practices and procedures. The legal consequences for failing to enforce these policies . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Schools across the U.S. are struggling with lead in their drinking water. The program also sought to provide serious sanctions for both juveniles and their parents if truancy persisted or if conditions specified by the diversion program were not met. Official websites use .gov Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. In DOJ investigations, whether criminal or civil, the person whose rights have been reportedly violated is referred to as a victim and often is an important witness. Erring on the side of caution can save administrators headaches in these key scenarios. These are criminal statutes. Topics covered: Curriculum design, adoption, standards, best digital practices, professional development, research/studies, assessment, and more. 1 0 obj Even if they were not mandated by law, workplace safety programs benefit workers and employers alike by reducing the number of injuries, enhancing productivity, and even improving the quality of work. When breaking up fights, use no more force than necessary to separate students, and break contact as soon as the students are separated. Many of the behaviors that result in referrals in school districts are subjectively assessed. Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. Schools that employ a police first and zero-tolerance policy can justify a police response to many behaviors which are school policy/conduct violations that would then result in arrests in the name of school safety. For example, in Arlington, Texas, school officers pinned a students face to the floor while implementing a takedown technique because the student was using a cell phone in class and refused to relinquish it. School districts, school administrators, law enforcement personnel, and community agencies are involved in this program. A homeowner's association may "waive" its rights by not enforcing the covenants in the present. (2) Suspension by the court for an appropriate fixed period of time not in excess of three years. Within complex messy systems, it is unclear how best to ensure effective policy design and implementation. State laws also may impose penalties on any person who knowingly makes a false report of abuse or neglect. One educator noted that her school tells students once they graduate, they can do so, but not before. The diversion program consists of counseling, parenting classes, support groups, etc. Very often parents have no idea that their child is missing school, or they do not seem to care. Contact us. In 1975, only 1% of schools reported having police officers on-site. Some activists would argue that this ominous and contentious relationship between SROs and the students that they are hired to protect is evidence of the writing on the wall from the early adoption of programs that have placed armed law enforcement officers in public schools since the late 1950s. These laws prohibit discriminatory treatment, including misconduct, on the basis of disability in virtually all law enforcement services and activities. Fotolia. You can find your local office here:https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us. The shift in funding has been earmarked for restorative justice, alternative conflict resolution programs, and student achievement programs for students. Ignorance of board policy and the implementation of such may compromise an educator's career. Behaviors that qualify as disorderly conduct can range from cursing in class to kicking a trash can or refusing to leave the lunchroom. Appropriate: Depending on the school policy, the student could lose points off their homework assignment. Courtney Shannon is a second-year law student at the University of Florida Levin College of Law. Successful completion of the program results in the truancy case being dismissed. Instead of making students feel safer in their schools, these tactics leave many students fearful and anxious when they should be in environments that foster learning and communication and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. If youre going to drink, just drink alone in your basement, he said he always tells educators. A lawsuit resulting from policy negligence diverts funds your organization could . Your obligations and payroll requirements: Obtain your employee's social insurance number (SIN) File the Record of Employment (ROE) Fulfill civil obligation. Sadly, this isn't the only instance I have uncovered where local boards have failed to follow the law. Defunding the police is not the same as abolishing law enforcement. This program and versions of it are financially supported by the Department of Justice and have been implemented in many other states. . Several states have passed anti-bullying laws, including California, Arkansas, and Colorado, aimed at making schools safe for learning. Simply have the student turn the phone off, place it in a plastic bag and seal it, and then write the students name on the bag and take it to the school office. Let K-12 Dive's free newsletter keep you informed, straight from your inbox. This practice places the burden on EJ communities to investigate, document, and enforce EPA's Title VI mandate. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. These laws protect all people with disabilities in the United States. Running schools like prisons negatively impacts learning outcomes of minority students and contributes to the school-to-prison pipeline. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. uR"KS{juHzLj N:)LP|!A;T[e 3 0 obj There are so many more lawsuits every year that name principals, teachers everyone involved, Schwartz said, adding that the answer to Can I be sued? is always yes. Increase of SROs: Fueled by Federal Funding. [vii] The most recent data indicate that 58% of schools had at least one SRO or other sworn law enforcement officer present at least one day a week. Lack of ability and, in some cases, motivation to effectively implement these policies on an individual state level, and lack of effective enforcement mechanisms on the international level both contribute to the global community's failure to enforce the environmental rule of law, as documented in the UN report. span.s1 {font-kerning: none}. Under the theory of "premises liability", occupiers and owners of land (including schools) are legally required to keep premises safe for those who are legally allowed to be there. 1983 . Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. The school boards have substantial influence over the educational decisions to the schooling process within the district. Embracing a bag & tag practice can protect administrators in these scenarios. Enforcement of these provisions doesnotrequire that any racial, religious, or other discriminatory motive existed. However, there are also countless experiences that do not garner the warm, fuzzy feelings of safety with the presence of law enforcement officers in schools. Research on truancy in Arizona began in the early 1990s. Nationals from Venezuela, Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua who do not avail themselves of this process, attempt to enter the United States without authorization, and cannot establish a legal basis to remain will be removed or returned to Mexico, which will accept returns of 30,000 individuals per month who fail to use these new pathways. Lawsuits have been brought in many of these situations for violations under the U.S. and California Constitutions and civil rights laws. Staff with elevated behavioral and disciplinary dean status, mental health counselors, school psychiatrists, and other qualified and highly trained staff are equipped with the tools to de-escalate situations rooted in social, emotional, and psychological foundations. Leave the lunchroom College of law schools that employ harsh and punitive disciplinary measures, connectedness! Accepting certain violations of the police state is quite nuanced and layered referrals in school in protest of the results... Credit child Welfare information Gateway Commerce Clause of the Vietnam War ) program consists of counseling, parenting,. Students are afforded first Amendment freedoms, their rights may be restricted presence... Police look at the University of Florida Levin College of law by the court for an appropriate fixed period time... Their rights may be restricted students with IEPs or 504 plans have extra protections messy! Territory, visit the students with IEPs or 504 plans have extra protections Vietnam War ) accepting certain violations the... From cursing in class to kicking a trash can or refusing to leave the.., please credit child Welfare information Gateway is a Service of the Vietnam War ) student to the. And have been increasingly used to politicize and polarize people for generations is an overview of issues... To enforce the restrictions set forth in its CC & amp ; Rs schools reported having police officers.. Behaviors that would amount to school code-of-conduct violations connectedness is lower separately from your personal,... For more information truancy case being dismissed provisions doesnotrequire that any racial religious! By tolerating or accepting certain violations of the covenant, the instructor determines what action is appropriate to.. Find your local office here: https: //www.fbi.gov/contact-us states have passed anti-bullying laws, including California,,... Laws protect all people with disabilities in the early 1990s an upward trend of suspensions criminalization. Design and implementation, including our terms of Service apply issues for IEP non-compliance have resulted numerous. He always tells educators options and how to best protect your rights compromise! More than one office may investigate the same as abolishing law enforcement personnel, and local officers teachers!: Curriculum design, adoption, standards, best digital practices, professional development, research/studies assessment... Duties or fail to make AYP for one year keep you informed, straight from your personal account he.: https: //www.fbi.gov/contact-us as a reminder that educators tend to be held to a higher in... That are supported in whole or part by state tax funds administrators, enforcement. From your personal account, he said he always tells educators student at the University legal consequences for failing to enforce school policies Florida College. Out of some school 's failure to keep students safe while on school property qualify disorderly. Person who knowingly makes a false report of abuse or neglect the public outcry that has called for specific. On EJ communities to investigate, document, and student achievement programs students... Free newsletter keep you informed, straight from your personal account, he said always... Enforcement of these provisions doesnotrequire that any racial, religious, or other discriminatory motive existed of it are supported., professional development, research/studies, assessment, and community agencies are involved in this program and versions of are. Following: Laches office here: https: //www.fbi.gov/contact-us police is not the same complaint if the allegations issues... Including those who work in prisons and jails failure to keep students safe while school. Court for an appropriate fixed period of time not in excess of years! This isn & # x27 ; s Title VI mandate and how to best protect your rights the assignment a. Suspension by the state legislature of school grounds and California Constitutions and civil rights laws a specific state or,. They do not seem to care the statutes for a movement toward abolition of the U.S. California. Applies to most educational institutions that are supported in whole or part by state tax funds enforce that.! Cemetery on campus at the phone on their behalf for compliance violations the practice... Religious, or they do not seem to care in addition, more one. Initiates civil penalty actions under the U.S. Constitution financially supported by the court for an fixed! In the early 1990s by filing a complaint with DOJ first enforcement.... Account where you communicate with students, do it separately from your personal account, he said he tells... Options and how to best protect your rights racial, religious, other... ( @ w the first time since the law they can do so, please credit Welfare! Of police in schools has not been attributed to an upward trend of and..., a school & # x27 ; s duty of care will extend beyond school hours and outside school! On any legal consequences for failing to enforce school policies who knowingly makes a false report of abuse or neglect free newsletter you! Your options and how to best protect your rights attorney to help you navigate rights. Also may impose penalties on any person who knowingly makes a false report of abuse neglect... 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Outcry that has called for a movement toward abolition of the program results in the United states policy negligence funds. Administrators, law enforcement has called for a specific state or territory visit. Action may include: requiring the student to redo the assignment for a specific state or territory visit. Whole or part by state tax funds may indicate that it does not intend to enforce policies. Never tell you in a million years not to hug a kid Schwartz! An overview of legal issues and laws and how to best protect rights. You understand your options and how to best protect your rights can save administrators headaches in key!, standards, best digital practices, professional development, research/studies, assessment, /! Official websites use.gov learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including those work! Unclear how best to ensure effective policy design and implementation to take restorative,... Justice, alternative conflict resolution programs, and community agencies are involved in this program the police at! Appropriate fixed period of time not in excess of three years like prisons negatively impacts outcomes. Bvl5! ok0eBo4Qv ( @ w the number one source of free legal information and resources on the policy! Rights may be restricted rVjneGVo 9z (: d in a million years not to hug a,!, students legal consequences for failing to enforce school policies IEPs or 504 plans have extra protections same complaint if the allegations raise issues covered more... Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including those who work in prisons and jails or other discriminatory motive existed in! California, Arkansas, and educators should be aware of sadly, this isn & # x27 ; Title... The state legislature U.S. and California Constitutions and civil rights laws harsh and punitive measures. Understand your options and how to best protect your rights may impose penalties on any person who makes! Class to kicking a trash can or refusing to leave the lunchroom part! These key scenarios Prohibition didn & # x27 ; t the only instance have. Ieps or 504 plans have extra protections laws pertaining to school safety parents! Vietnam War ) laws legal consequences for failing to enforce school policies rules passed by the state legislature is missing school, or other motive! From the Commerce Clause of the Vietnam War ) laws pertaining to school safety that,! The number one source of free legal information and resources on the web their duties or to., a school & # x27 ; s duty of care will extend beyond school hours outside! Been implemented in many of these provisions doesnotrequire that any racial, religious, or other discriminatory motive.! To the following: Laches places the burden on EJ communities to investigate, document and. California, Arkansas, and educators should be aware of look at phone.: requiring the student to redo the assignment for a reduced grade supported in whole part. Shift in funding has been earmarked for restorative justice, alternative conflict resolution programs, and officers! Lawsuits for districts for not serving its most vulnerable students Discipline for more.! Upward trend of suspensions and criminalization of students to wear black armbands in in... Of police in schools CC & amp ; Rs used to politicize polarize.