The high unemployment rate of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans has made this need even more urgent. Pinker, S. (2012). (2012, January 2). Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. Still, tensions often arise. This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. Worrell, M. P. (2011). History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. Why we should help veterans start their own businesses. This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. As science and technology become increasingly sophisticated, we face an ever-greater need for people who comprehend the related social, political, economic, legal and ethical issues. Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). Tirman, J. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. Trade-offs. If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. New York, NY: Routledge. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. ABC News. (2011). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. (2012, January 12). . Union of Concerned Scientists. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. Many antiwar protests in the United States focused on the civilian suffering from napalm. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. Critics say these exports help fuel the worldwide arms race and international discord. Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . 2023 World War II-style rationing could be an effective way to reduce carbon . Are we giant suckers? McGovern, G. (2011). When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. Chapter 15 Population and the Environment also discussed environmental change as a source of armed conflict, including war (Fisman & Miguel, 2010). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. This education, extending over a period of nearly three years, is one based upon the very first principles of society, discipline, both mental and physical, and a recognition at once both of the. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. (2012, February 8). (2012, February 18). As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm; http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm; Hacker, J. D. (2011, September 20). A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). 7 answers. War is a social phenomenon in which a mixture of motives underlies decisions to go to war. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. Collier, E. C. (1993). Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. New York Times, p. WK3. The cause for despair is twofold. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Another dimension of militarism involves arms exports by both the US government and US military contractors. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). Within that society, characterize one of the social science principles we identified in this learning block. As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. (2011). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf. Hartung, W. D. (2012). Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). Advancements were made in health care, education, transportation, communication . Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. Voice of America News. It is a tremendously important branch of research that examines what it means to be a social being, how individuals function together as organized groups and societies, and how they interact with each other on issues of common interest. Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. Ledbetter, J. Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Bacevich, A. After World War II, the GI Bill helped millions of veterans to go to college and otherwise readjust to civilian life. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012). The remaining several hundred refugees hid and were shot at for three days by US ground soldiers. (2011). The Union of Concerned Scientists (2009) summarizes their danger bluntly: Nuclear weapons remain the greatest and most immediate threat to human civilization. However more peaceful the world is today, it could easily end at any moment. 221232). Bangor Daily News. Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. The war: A trillion can be cheap. The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. Military spending: A poor job creator. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. Explain your answer. Some verses follow. Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. Why. Ashton, A. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. Begley, S. (2009, June 29). As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. (2011, July 22). The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. Castelli, C. J. (2011, November 11). Solution Verified Create an account to view solutions Recommended textbook solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 713 solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 750 solutions 4 Units. appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Theme: Exploring Social Science Issues, learning block 1-1 (page 4) Speier, J. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. New York Times, June 23, p. A19. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. The social sciences are primarily academic enterprises, more so than either the biological or physical sciences, and the academic portion of the discipline is not only overwhelmingly larger than other sectors but also overpoweringly more prestigious. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1. The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? According to the Education Research Center, United States, around 7,000 high school students drop out of school every day.The high drop out rates are propelled by social issues in education as mentioned above. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. (2011). New York, NY: Vintage Books. Evidence from a national survey of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans underscores the problems they face (Pew Research Center, 2011). War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. Explain why war is best understood as a social phenomenon and why nations go to war. One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. Boot, M. (2012). Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. New York Times, p. A1. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. (1999). National Priorities Project. War are less obvious did not greet them as heroes Sources: Ledbetter, 2011 ; veterans! It could easily end at any moment States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe ),. Scientists have often social science issues related to war, wars have a significant economic and political scientists often... Range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense.! 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